7.现在完成时

构成：主语+助动词have, has+过去分词

A、用法：

（1)表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和just, usually, already, since等时间副词连用

I have just had lunch. (饱了，不用再吃了)

He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝）

They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了）

The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了）

（2)询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：

Have you finished your homework?

Have you been to Beijing?

Have he seen the film?

（3)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作

I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.

I have worked for this school for 1 year.

（4)表示一种经历，经验：去过…地方，做过…事情，经历过…事情

I have never had a bath.

I have never seen a film.

I have never been to cinema.

I have ever been to Paris.

Have been to表示去过，have gone to 表示去了

I have been to London.(人已经回来)

He has gone to London.（人还在那里）

（5)表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用

I have lost my pen.

I have hurt myself.

He has become a teacher.

She has broken my heart.

B、句型变化：

★变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加not.

e.g. Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.

★肯定回答及否定回答

Yes, I have. No, I have not.

★特殊疑问句：

What have you done?

What has he done?

一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：

凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时

注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用

错：I’ve left Beijing for 3 days.

对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.

现在完成时具体用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。

用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。

※ 副词的位置：①just常用于肯定句中，放在have/has后，He has just come .

②never表示否定, 放在have/has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.

③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have/Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“…曾经……过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm？

④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before.

⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.

⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.

⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.

用法二：表示过去已经开始，一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有：

①for＋表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。

②since＋表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986.

③since＋表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born.

④since＋一段时间＋ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.

用法三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all one’s life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。

I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?

用法四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用。如this morning，today，this week，these days

He has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）

用法五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间

就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。He has come back.（√）He has come back for two hours.（×）

※ 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如

I haven’t heard from my father for a long time. We haven’t seen him since 1999.

用法六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long，since，for， all one’s life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:

（1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.

He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正）

I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）

（2）用“It is / has been＋时间＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。

He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League.

I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）

He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he died. （正）

（3）用“时间＋has passed＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。

He has left home for 20 years. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.

He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.

（4）用系表结构来改写.

He has died for 20 years. 改为: He has been dead for 20 years.

The factory has opened since 1999. 改为:The factory has been open since 1999.

How long has he left? 改为:How long has he been away?

（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。

He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He has had the book for two weeks.

8.过去完成时：

用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。

结构：had+过去分词

★一般肯定句

After she had finished her homework, she went shopping.

They had sold the car before I asked the price.

The train had left before I arrived at the station.

After/before引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。

★变疑问句将助动词移到句首

Had she finished her homework?

★变否定句在助动词后面加not

She hadn’t finished her homework.

★肯定回答及否定回答

Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.

★特殊疑问句：

What had she done?

过去完成时(past perfect)表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。

过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前做了，一直延续到现在的动作。（延续性）

它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。

  基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)

  ①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他

  ②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他

  ③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他

  肯定回答：Yes,主语+had

  否定回答：No,主语+hadn't

  ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他）

基本用法：

  （1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。

  例如：By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.

  到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。

  （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。

  例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.

  当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。

  He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.

  他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。

  （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。

  例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.

  史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

  I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.

  我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。

  （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

  例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed.

  我已归还了我借的书。

  She found the key that she had lost.

  她丢失的钥匙找到了。

  （5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。

  例如：He said that he had known her well.

  他说他很熟悉她。

  I thought I had sent the letter a week before.

  我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

  （6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在前，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。

  如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的

  例如：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.

  我醒来时雨已停了。

  She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.

  她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。

  注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

  例如：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.

  马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。

  （7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。

  例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.

  他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。

  We had hoped to be able to come and see you .

  我们本来希望能来看看你。

  （8）过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc)

  time (that)…等固定句型中。

  例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.

  他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。

  No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

  他刚到就又走了。

  It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.

  这是他那一年第三次失业了。

  时间状语

  before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than

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